Plots Resolution

• Solution

For example, if the resolution of your printer is 100 dots per inch, and you want a graph that is 4 inches wide, you should set the width to 400 pixels. If you specify only one dimension, the other is determined by the default aspect ratio—that is, height=0.75 width. The resolution is not always happy, but it does complete the story. It can leave a reader with questions, answers, frustration, or satisfaction. By plotting simple narrative arcs in three-cell storyboards, or more complicated stories in six-cell boards, teachers can easily assess students’ understanding of important story components. The resolution is the plot’s end, whether that resolution is a happy ending or sad ending, fun or frightening, satisfying or unsatisfying. The resolution might tie up loose ends or leave important elements of the story unresolved. Plot resolution and size. Follow 328 views (last 30 days) Adam Cervenka on 23 Aug 2018. Answered: Pau Pons on 26 Oct 2019 Hello, I need to save my plot - extended in one direction (width) and in 8K resolution. How can I do that? I have only this. But it is unreable. What should I do now? Plot resolution and depth of field as a function of exposure wavelength for a projection aligner with 100 nm lessthanorequalto A lessthanorequalto 500 nm. Use k = 0.75 and NA = 0.26. On the same plots, recalculate these functions for NA = 0.41. Discuss the implications of these plots for the technologist who must manufacture transistors with 0.5-mu m features.

Problem

You want to save your graph(s) to a file.

Solution

There are several commands which will direct output to a file instead of the screen. You must use the dev.off() command to tell R that you are finished plotting; otherwise your graph will not show up.

PDF

PDF is a vector file format. Vector files are generally preferred for print output because the resulting output can be scaled to any size without pixelation. The size of a vector file is usually smaller than the corresponding bitmap file, except in cases where there are many objects. (For example, a scatter plot with thousands of points may result in a very large vector file, but a smaller bitmap file.)

PDF’s are 7x7 inches by default, and each new plot is on a new page. The size can be changed:

If you want to edit your file in a vector editor like Inkscape or Illustrator, some of the plotting point objects might look like letters instead of circles, squares, etc. To avoid this problem:

SVG

SVG is another vector format. The default settings for svg() doesn’t allow for multiple pages in a single file, since most SVG viewers can’t handle multi-page SVG files. See the PNG section below for outputting to multiple files.

SVG files may work better with vector-editing programs than PDF files.

PNG/TIFF

PNG and TIFF are bitmap (or raster) formats. If they are magnified, the pixels may be visible.

By default, the graphs are 480x480 pixels in size, at a resolution of 72 dpi (6.66x6.66 inches).

Increasing the resolution will increase the size (in pixels) of the text and graph elements. This occurs because the size of these elements is relative to the physical dimension of the graph (e.g., 4x4 inches), not the pixel dimension of the graph. For example, a 12 point font is 12/72 = 1/6 inch tall; at 72 dpi, this is 12 pixels, but at 120dpi, it is 20 pixels.

This would create a graph that is 480x240 pixels at 120dpi, equivalent to 4x2 inches.

If you want to make more than one graph, you must either execute a new png() command for each one, or put %d in the filename:

This will generate plot-1.png, plot2.png, and so on.

For import into PDF-incapable programs (MS Office)

Some programs which cannot import PDF files may work with high-resolution PNG or TIFF files. For example, Microsoft Office cannot import PDF files. For print publications, you may be required to use 300dpi images.

ggplot2

If you make plots with ggplot2 in a script or function, you must use the print() command to make the graphs actually get rendered.

To save a ggplot2 graph from the screen to a file, you can use ggsave().

Saving a graph from the screen

If you have a graph on the screen, you can save it to a bitmap file.

This will save an exact pixel-for-pixel copy of what’s on screen, but it will probably only work in Linux and on Macs that use X11 for R graphing:

This will save the current graph from the screen, but it re-renders it for the device, which may have different dimensions, so it won’t look exactly the same unless you specify the exact same size in pixels.

Climax Definition

Julia Plots Resolution

What is the climax of a plot? Here’s a quick and simple definition:

The climaxof a plot is the story's central turning point—the moment of peak tension or conflict—which all the preceding plot developments have been leading up to. In a traditional 'good vs. evil' story (like many superhero movies) the climax is typically the moment when the hero finally confronts or does battle with the villain. However, climaxes are not always so easy to spot. For instance, there's widespread disagreement as to whether the climax of Romeo and Juliet occurs in the middle of the play, when Romeo kills his rival Tybalt in a big showdown and then must flee Verona, or at the end of the play, when Romeo finds Juliet unconscious and, thinking her dead, kills himself by drinking poison.

Some additional key details about climax:

• Any type of narrative work can have a climax, including works of nonfiction and poetry.
• Authors don't include signposts in their work like 'here comes the climax.' As a result, especially with less plot-driven works, the exact location of the climax is often a matter open to the reader's interpretation.
• The term 'climax' also refers to a figure of speech in which words are arranged in order of increasing importance or power ('It's a bird! It's a plane! It's Superman!'). This entry deals exclusively with climax as a narrative element. We do also cover climax as a figure of speech.

Climax Pronunciation

Here's how to pronounce climax: cly-max

Finding the Climax of a Plot

Plot is a key element of novels, plays, most works of nonfiction, and many (though not all) poems. While not all works that have plots also have a climax, most do. Here are a few of the key defining features of climax to help you identify it:

• It's the height of the story's action. The climax is the culmination of a story's rising action, which is the name given to the section of a story in which the central conflict unfolds and tension builds. Consequently, the climax dispels much of the tension, or answers many of the questions, that arose during the rising action.
• It often answers the story's biggest question. The climax typically coincides with the moment that the story's primary question is answered or the major tension is dispelled (e.g., who's behind the mask? will the hero win?). Therefore, it often feels like the climax is the resolution (e.g., the villain is defeated, crisis is averted). But the story almost never ends immediately after the climax, since there are typically other important questions to answer and loose ends to tie up (e.g., why did the villain do it, and what about the love interest, or the journey back home?).
• It marks the beginning of the story's resolution. While the climax may not tie up the loose ends of a plot or provide all the answers, it marks the beginning of the stage known as falling action, which further unwinds or de-escalates the built-up tension and eventually leads the plot to its resolution.

It's Not Always Easy to Identify the Climax

While many stories have a clear climax, not all stories do. As the example of Romeo and Julietmakes clear, it may not be possible to definitively identify the point of climax in a story, since there might be several points at which it seems like the height of tension or conflict has been reached.

For such stories, different people will often have different interpretations of where the climax occurs. That's okay! There doesn't have to be a definitive correct answer about where the climax is. What's more important is that you are able to explain how you came to your interpretation of where the climax occurs based on the criteria outlined above. In other words, you should be able to say:

• How the climax you selected marks the height of the story's action.
• How it answers the story's biggest question.
• How it marks the beginning of the story's resolution.

Resolution Literature

Climax and Freytag's Pyramid

One of the first and most influential people to create a framework for analyzing plots was 19th-century German writer Gustav Freytag, who argued that all plots can be broken down into five stages: exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and dénouement. Freytag originally developed this theory as a way of describing the plots of plays at a time when most plays were divided into five acts, but his five-layered 'pyramid' can also be used to analyze the plots of other kinds of stories, including novels, short stories, films, and television shows. Here's the pyramid as originally defined by Freytag:

One important thing to note about the shape of Freytag's pyramid is that climax falls in the very center of the diagram, but this is actually a bit misleading, since the climax usually doesn't occur in the middle of most narratives. Rather, the climax typically occurs somewhere around the three-quarter mark. Therefore, a slightly modified version of Freytag's pyramid (with a more accurate placement of the climax) might look something like this:

Freytag's Pyramid Doesn't Fit All Plots

While Freytag's pyramid is very handy, not every work of literature fits neatly into its structure. In fact, many modernist and post-modern writers intentionally subvert the standard narrative and plot structure that Freytag's pyramid represents. We mention this here because climax is often spoken about in relation to other parts of Freytag's pyramid, and because understanding where the climax typically occurs within a narrative may help you identify it.

Climax vs. Anticlimax

Contrary to what many people think, anticlimax is not, strictly speaking, the opposite of climax. Rather, it is one specific type of climax: it's the name given to a climax in which the story's primary tension is dispelled in an unsatisfying manner, or in which the resolution fizzles in comparison to the intensity of the buildup. Imagine if, in the final showdown between a hero and a villain, the hero simply said 'Look, a distraction!' and promptly handcuffed the distracted villain. That would be an anticlimax—because the audience would probably be expecting some sort of action-packed showdown, complete with a lengthy exchange of harsh words and some sort of clever twist at the end. An anticlimax may be purposeful or accidental:

• Accidental anticlimax: An accidental anticlimax is just the result of bad plotting or writing, in which a writer is going for an exciting climax and fails to achieve it. It is it usually the product of an ill-conceived or over-complicated plot for which the author simply can't find a satisfying resolution.
• Purposeful anticlimax: An author may also deliberately create an anticlimax as a way to subvert the audience's expectations, or to make a broader point about the nature of the world (as in, it's not always full of satisfying climaxes and neat resolutions).

Climax Examples

Climax in Doctor Faustus

Christopher Marlowe's play Doctor Faustus is a story with an obvious climax. The play centers around Doctor Faustus, a professor who makes a pact with Lucifer (i.e., the devil): Faust agrees to give his soul to Lucifer, on the condition that he gets 24 years of unlimited power and knowledge. Of course, the deal turns out to have been a bad idea, and the play climaxes in act 13, when, with tension mounting, the hour of Faustus's death and damnation draws near. His cries of regret for having sold his soul to Lucifer and his pleas for more time are unsuccessful, and devils drag him away to Hell.

Climax in Death in Venice

Thomas Mann's novelDeath in Venice tells the story of a famous German writer named Aschenbach, who takes a break from his work and travels to Venice. At his hotel in Venice, on the night of his arrival, he sees a young boy having dinner with his family. Aschenbach thinks the boy is 'perfectly beautiful,' and over the course of the next few days he grows more and more obsessed with the boy, whose name he discovers is Tadzio. Aschenbach's mind becomes consumed by an overpowering desire to win Tadzio's affection. One day, in an effort to appear younger, Aschenbach dyes his gray hair, puts on makeup, and buys new clothes. The book's climax occurs at the point when Aschenbach's break with reality seems to have become complete: wearing his new clothes and makeup, Aschenbach openly stalks Tadzio through the streets of Venice, where, having become delirious in the heat of a city square and possibly from a disease that seems to be overtaking Venice, he begins talking as if he is Socrates.

Plot Resolution Worksheets

This story serves as a good example of a climax in which the height of tension has more to do with the main character's internal state than it does with the 'action' that surrounds him. Aschenbach continues to slip further into madness and illness until he eventually dies, but this scene stands out as the book's climax because it's the point at which Aschenbach's sanity seems to have abandoned him completely.

Climax in The Catcher in the Rye

J.D. Salinger's famous coming-of-age novel, The Catcher in the Rye, centers around the movements and musings of a listless, aimless teenager named Holden Caulfield, who leaves his boarding school after he is expelled and spends the next few days wandering around New York City. Holden describes his various encounters with friends, acquaintances, and strangers until, in the final chapter, he explains that he has been hospitalized (or sent to a 'rest home' to recover) without revealing the exact reason or what happened to him.

The story's central tension stems from Holden's increasingly unstable mental state: the book is shadowed by a sense that his depression, paranoia, and general disenchantment with society are all indications of a more serious underlying problem—signs, in other words, that he might be on the verge of some sort of a mental break. This tension builds as Holden begins to feel more and more faint throughout the story, but the story doesn't have a clear climax in the sense of a moment when this tension reaches a crisis or resolution. Therefore, people have offered multiple interpretations of when the climax might be said to occur:

• Some argue that it occurs when Holden spends the night at his former teacher's apartment and wakes suddenly to the feeling of the teacher stroking his head while he sleeps—and he leaves the apartment in a hurry. This is a logical choice because it's one of the novel's few moments of real 'action.'
• However, there's a slightly more complex argument to be made that the climax actually occurs in the second-to-last chapter, just before Holden is hospitalized. In this chapter, Holden disavows his plans to 'go west' (a plan he makes reference to compulsively throughout the book) and then watches his little sister ride the carousel in the Central Park Zoo. While the passage may not seem to be the 'height of action,' it's actually the passage in which the tension surrounding Holden's deteriorating mental state reaches its height, as it becomes clear that he is barely able to remain conscious and is teetering on the verge of total collapse.

Ultimately, it's not possible to say definitively when the climax of The Catcher in the Rye occurs, but that doesn't mean that just any scene from the book could reasonably be called the climax. The passages above are a few of the more likely contenders for the moment of 'peak tension.'

Climax in Man's Search for Meaning

Man's Search for Meaningis a work of nonfiction by Victor Frankl, who recounts his time spent in Nazi concentration camps during the second World War. The book does not have a traditional narrative arc, as it slips between Frankl's vivid descriptions of life in a concentration camp and his more philosophical reflections on the meaning of life. Therefore, even though the book has many elements of a traditional narrative, it's difficult to identify a clear climax.

The book's primary theme is that the need to find some kind of meaning in one’s existence is at the core of human psychology. Accordingly, one of the most important moments in the book includes Frankl's decision to rewrite a manuscript that was confiscated when he arrived at Auschwitz: his life's work, the subject of the book was 'logotherapy,' or this concept of an inner pull to find a meaning in life. Frankl's decision to rewrite the manuscript could be considered a type of climax, but in a book such as this there are many moments the could be pointed to as moments of peak tension or conflict, so there is no definitive climax.

Climax in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Here's an example of climax in poetry, from Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. The poem tells the story of a Mariner who shoots an albatross (a large sea bird) out of the sky after it has been following his ship for several days. Shortly after the albatross dies, however, the wind disappears down and the mariner's ship becomes stranded in the arctic. The Mariner's shipmates hang the albatross around his neck as a punishment. In the coming days, unable to move without wind, the sailors all die of thirst—except for the Mariner, who is cursed to live among the dead crew.

The poem's climax comes when the Mariner notices beautiful water snakes swimming beside the ship at night. At this moment he becomes inspired, and has a spiritual realization that all of God’s creatures are beautiful and must be treated with respect and reverence. With this realization, the albatross falls from his neck and sinks into the sea. This moment is the turning point, at which the curse upon the Mariner diminishes. However, it is worth noting that the Mariner never entirely escapes his curse—while he ceases to be marooned in the sea, he nonetheless feels an urge to tell his tale to certain people he meets. He becomes a kind of warning against the actions he took against nature and God in originally killing the albatross. So in this case the climax is a turning point, but not one that offers full redemption.

Why Do Writers Use Climax?

Most stories have a climax (or several moments that seem like they might be a climax), and climaxes serve several purposes in a story. A writer might build his or her story toward a climax for any of the following reasons:

• They bring the 'rising action' to an end with a bang, effectively adding punctuation to the portion of the story in which the main problem unfolds.
• They are exciting.
• They make the audience feel that their attention has been rewarded.
• They mark a definitive shift from the problem to its resolution, helping the reader or audience track the progression of the plot.
• They effectively release the audience's built-up suspense.

Other Helpful Climax Resources

• The Wikipedia Entry on Climax: A simple overview of the narrative element.
• The Dictionary Definition of Climax: A basic definition, with a bit on the etymology of the word (it means 'ladder' in Ancient Greek).
• The Climax of Disney's The Lion King: The rain that begins falling (and extinguishing the fire) immediately after this climax is an apt metaphor for the way that the climax resolves the central tensions of a story.